21 results
Contributors
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- By Arthur S. Abramson, Norhaida Aman, Virginie Attina, Sapna Bhat, B. Bhuvaneshwari, Denis Burnham, Brian Byrne, Hsin-Chin Chen, Shyamala K. Chengappa, Chris Davis, Jackson T. Gandour, Winston D. Goh, Thom Huebner, Lixian Jin, Jing Zhou, R. Malatesha Joshi, Benjawan Kasisopa, Jeesun Kim, Christine Kitamura, Ananthanarayan Krishnan, Lay Wah Lee, Elena Lieven, Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin, Ramesh Mishra, Sonali Nag, Vishnu K. K. Nair, Loraine K. Obler, Tomasina Oh, Richard K. Olson, Prakash Padakannaya, Aparna Pandey, Avanthi Niranjan Paplikar, Shalmalee Pitale, Chaitra Rao, Theeraporn Ratitamkul, Nan Xu Rattanasone, Sunil Kumar Ravi, Rogayah A. Razak, Ronan Reilly, Susan Rickard Liow, Khazriyati Salehuddin, Stefan Samuelsson, Vaijayanthi M. Sarma, Yasuhiro Shirai, Shruti Sircar, John Song, Sabine Stoll, Lidia Suárez, Jennie Tran, Jie-Li Tsai, Kimiko Tsukada, Jyotsna Vaid, Heather Winskel, Janet Wright, Kelly Yeo
- Edited by Heather Winskel, Southern Cross University, Australia, Prakash Padakannaya, University of Mysore, India
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- South and Southeast Asian Psycholinguistics
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- 05 December 2013
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- 28 November 2013, pp xvii-xx
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Genome-Wide Association Study for Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Using Pooled DNA
- Yi Lu, Xiaoqing Chen, Jonathan Beesley, Sharon E. Johnatty, Anna deFazio, Australian Ovarian Cancer Study (AOCS) Study Group, Sandrina Lambrechts, Diether Lambrechts, Evelyn Despierre, Ignace Vergotes, Jenny Chang-Claude, Rebecca Hein, Stefan Nickels, Shan Wang-Gohrke, Thilo Dörk, Matthias Dürst, Natalia Antonenkova, Natalia Bogdanova, Marc T. Goodman, Galina Lurie, Lynne R. Wilkens, Michael E. Carney, Ralf Butzow, Heli Nevanlinna, Tuomas Heikkinen, Arto Leminen, Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Leon F.A.G. Massuger, Anne M. van Altena, Katja K. Aben, Susanne Krüger Kjaer, Estrid Høgdall, Allan Jensen, Angela Brooks-Wilson, Nhu Le, Linda Cook, Madalene Earp, Linda Kelemen, Douglas Easton, Paul Pharoah, Honglin Song, Jonathan Tyrer, Susan Ramus, Usha Menon, Alexandra Gentry-Maharaj, Simon A. Gayther, Elisa V. Bandera, Sara H. Olson, Irene Orlow, Lorna Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Stuart Macgregor, Georgia Chenevix-Trench
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- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 15 / Issue 5 / October 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 July 2012, pp. 615-623
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Recent Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified four low-penetrance ovarian cancer susceptibility loci. We hypothesized that further moderate- or low-penetrance variants exist among the subset of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) not well tagged by the genotyping arrays used in the previous studies, which would account for some of the remaining risk. We therefore conducted a time- and cost-effective stage 1 GWAS on 342 invasive serous cases and 643 controls genotyped on pooled DNA using the high-density Illumina 1M-Duo array. We followed up 20 of the most significantly associated SNPs, which are not well tagged by the lower density arrays used by the published GWAS, and genotyping them on individual DNA. Most of the top 20 SNPs were clearly validated by individually genotyping the samples used in the pools. However, none of the 20 SNPs replicated when tested for association in a much larger stage 2 set of 4,651 cases and 6,966 controls from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. Given that most of the top 20 SNPs from pooling were validated in the same samples by individual genotyping, the lack of replication is likely to be due to the relatively small sample size in our stage 1 GWAS rather than due to problems with the pooling approach. We conclude that there are unlikely to be any moderate or large effects on ovarian cancer risk untagged by less dense arrays. However, our study lacked power to make clear statements on the existence of hitherto untagged small-effect variants.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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8 - From Extermination to Electorate
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 March 2007, pp 176-196
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Summary
In the 1860s, Senator James Doolittle of Wisconsin played a prominent role in the debate over the Fourteenth Amendment and became a proponent of President Grant's “peace policy” toward Indians. On a fact-finding trip to Denver in 1866, Senator Doolittle addressed a crowd, asking rhetorically what should be done with the Indians. The crowd began screaming out a chant, “Exterminate them, exterminate them” (quoted in Goodrich 1997, 58). One hundred forty years later, in 2004, Indians comprised a critical voting bloc that was wooed by all sides: “From the Dakotas and Oklahoma to Arizona, California and Washington state, the Navajo, Cherokee, Yakima and other Native American tribes are being aggressively courted by both parties this year like never before” (Glionna 2004). Things have changed.
The political evolution of American Indians from the focus of ethnic cleansing to swing-vote electorate can be attributed to many factors, but without doubt the Voting Rights Act (VRA) has added meaning and substance to their right to vote. After over seventy lawsuits, Indians now have many legal victories. Chapter 7 demonstrated that many of these victories have led to tangible gains in terms of candidates elected and policies influenced. Where they have not, it is sometimes because Indians have not run for election or Indian voters have not turned out in sufficient numbers. Thus, efforts to mobilize Indian voters and candidates are crucial to fulfilling the potential created by legal victories.
References
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- 19 March 2007, pp 197-224
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4 - It's Our Turn
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- 19 March 2007, pp 90-110
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The most basic right of self-governance, the right to vote, eluded American Indians well after passage of the 1924 Citizenship Act. As late as 1938, seven states still refused to allow Indians the right to vote (Peterson 1957, 121). Among those states was Utah. A Utah statute, adopted in 1897, shortly after statehood, required all voters to be both residents of the state and citizens of the United States but excluded, as residents, Indians living on reservations:
Any person living upon any Indian or military reservation shall not be a resident of Utah, within the meaning of this chapter, unless such a person had acquired a residence in some county prior to taking up his residence upon such Indian or military reservation.
(An Act Providing for Elections 1897, 172)The state's two-pronged test created a difficult hurdle for American Indians. Although Indians were granted citizenship in 1924, those living on reservations still failed to meet Utah's residency requirement. The prohibition remained law until 1957, leaving Utah with the distinction of being the last state to enfranchise American Indians living on reservations.
The right to vote is only the first step in effective political participation (Grofman, Handley, and Niemi 1992, 23). Additional barriers, described in previous chapters, erode effective opportunities for equal participation. This chapter explores the barriers that prevented Navajo voters living in San Juan County, Utah, from having an equal opportunity to participate in the election process and elect candidates of their choice.
6 - Lakotas in the Legislature
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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- 19 March 2007, pp 131-154
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Summary
American Indians and the state of South Dakota have a complex and difficult history. Unlike the Assiniboine and Gros Ventre of Fort Belknap, the Sioux of the northern Great Plains engaged in bitter warfare with white settlers and the U.S. Army. That conflict is the longest armed struggle in U.S. history, beginning with a tense showdown between the Sioux and Lewis and Clark in 1803 and terminating in the last “battle” of the Indian wars at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, eighty-seven years later. That is a long time to be in armed conflict. It is not possible to understand the current legal and political relationships between Indians and whites in South Dakota without understanding at least the rudiments of that struggle.
South Dakota has had more Indian voting rights cases than almost any other state – eighteen by our count. There are a number of possible reasons. First, there is the extensive history of armed conflict between the races; old animosities die hard, and they are often reflected in the contemporary attitudes of both Indians and whites. Second, there are many Indians in South Dakota, especially in proportion to the white population. According to the most recent census, South Dakota has a population of 761,000; 63,400 of them are American Indians – about 9 percent. There are nine federally recognized Indian reservations in the state, all of them Sioux.
1 - From Vanishing American to Voter
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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- 19 March 2007, pp 1-20
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The struggle for Indian suffrage has been a long one; it took nearly 200 years of effort to award U. S. citizenship to Indians and make them eligible to vote in national, state, and local elections. Thus the focus in this chapter is on overcoming the denial of Indian suffrage; most of the remainder of the book is about the abridgment of the Indian vote. The first section of this chapter describes the incremental bestowal of citizenship on American Indians. The second section focuses on state election laws and how they prohibited or impeded the Indian franchise. The conclusion interprets these developments in light of the passage of the Voting Rights Act (VRA).
Subjects Become Citizens
The authors of the Constitution did not envision Indian people as a part of the electorate. Congressional districts were apportioned among the states based on population, but “Indians not taxed” were excluded from the enumeration (Art. I. Sec. 2). This was in apparent recognition that most Indians were not under the jurisdiction of the fledgling U.S. government, and therefore taxes could not be levied against them. Indians are mentioned again in Article I, Section 8, where Congress is given the power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.” The phrase clearly indicates that the Constitution's authors considered Indian tribes to be extrajurisdictional, lying somewhere between foreign nations and American citizens.
Native Vote
- American Indians, the Voting Rights Act, and the Right to Vote
- Daniel McCool, Susan M. Olson, Jennifer L. Robinson
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 March 2007
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The right to vote is the foundation of democratic government; all other policies are derived from it. The history of voting rights in America has been characterized by a gradual expansion of the franchise. American Indians are an important part of that story but have faced a prolonged battle to gain the franchise. One of the most important tools wielded by advocates of minority voting rights has been the Voting Rights Act. This book explains the history and expansion of Indian voting rights, with an emphasis on seventy cases based on the Voting Rights Act and/or the Equal Protection Clause. The authors describe the struggle to obtain Indian citizenship and the basic right to vote, then analyze the cases brought under the Voting Rights Act, including three case studies. The final two chapters assess the political impact of these cases and the role of American Indians in contemporary politics.
Index
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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Preface
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 March 2007, pp ix-xiv
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Summary
When the Founding Fathers designed our government at the Constitutional Convention, their concept of “democracy” was quite different from what that term means to most people today. They held the view that the “consent of the governed” came from only a small fraction of the populace – propertied white males. Article I, Section 4, of the U.S. Constitution gave states the power to prescribe rules for the “times, places, and manner of holding elections,” but it also gave Congress the right to “make or alter such regulations.” This split control over election laws led to dramatic conflicts between the states and the federal government regarding who is entitled to vote. Eventually this conflict led to the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution and ultimately to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) and its amendments. This book examines the impact that landmark legislation has had on the voting rights of American Indians.
The right to vote is the foundation of democratic government; all other policies are derived from it. Yet there is an “astounding lack of research” on Indian politics, especially Indian voting (Wilkins 2002, 188). Many textbooks on Indian law and Indian policy hardly mention it, and when Indian voting is discussed, the focus is almost always on tribal elections. There is virtually no coverage of the role of Indian voting in federal, state, and local elections. Voting studies usually ignore Indians, and national data sets often lump Indians into an “other” category.
Contents
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 March 2007, pp vii-viii
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5 - Going to Court for a Seat at the Table
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 March 2007, pp 111-130
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Summary
The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation in central Montana is home to two tribes: the Assiniboine and the Gros Ventre. The 675,000-acre reservation consists primarily of rolling prairie, with bottomlands along the Milk River, which forms the northern border of the reservation. The Little Rocky Mountains cover the southern quarter of the reservation. It is a sparse, hardscrabble landscape where rainfall is unpredictable, and the wind blows furnace-hot in the summer and has an arctic bent in the winter. It is a difficult place to support a modern economy but perfect country for buffalo, which is what drew the Assiniboine and Gros Ventre to this region.
Nearly all of the Fort Belknap Reservation is in Blaine County, which was organized in 1912. Approximately a third of the county's residents are Indians. Unlike the Blackfeet farther west or the Sioux to the east, these two tribes never engaged in warfare with the incoming settlers. Early on they decided to try to get along with the newcomers rather than fight them, perhaps in the hope of receiving better treatment.
Since 1927, Blaine County had used an at-large voting system to elect three commissioners; each commissioner represented a residential district but was elected at-large by all voters in the county. The commissioners served six-year terms, which were staggered so that only one commissioner was chosen every two years. Until the U.S. v. Blaine County case was litigated, no Indian had ever been elected to the county commission.
7 - An Equal Opportunity
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 March 2007, pp 155-175
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Summary
The Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965 and its subsequent amendments unquestionably changed the nature of the American political system. Within ten years of its passage, more blacks were registering, voting, running for elected office, and winning, due directly or indirectly to the VRA, (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 1975, 39). The significant gains in black participation and the success of black candidates have been thoroughly studied; however, little research exists regarding the effects of the VRA on American Indians. Has the VRA resulted in increased registration and turnout among Indians? Has the act affected the success rate of Indian candidates? Once Indians are elected, are they able to become influential players in the political process and affect policies?
This chapter attempts to answer these questions. The first section explores the impact of the language provisions on registration and turnout among American Indians. The second section examines the success of Indian candidates after at-large electoral systems are dismantled. The third section focuses on the impact Indian elected officials have on public policy in those jurisdictions that have abandoned atlarge elections as a result of litigation.
The Impact on Registration and Turnout
The VRA of 1965 directly influenced the number of registered blacks in the seven southern states originally targeted by the act. Within seven years, more than 1 million blacks registered to vote, more than doubling the number of registered black voters prior to 1965 (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 1975, 40).
2 - On Account of Race or Color
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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- 05 June 2012
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- 19 March 2007, pp 21-44
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Summary
The U.S. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965 to complete the work started by the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1870. The act has been amended and extended several times because of continuing discrimination against African Americans and other minorities. It is enforced through administrative action and the combined efforts of governmental and private litigation. This chapter reviews the evolution of the act and the various organizations that enforce it.
The Legislative and Judicial Evolution of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
With the end of Reconstruction in the South in 1877, formal and informal efforts to keep African Americans from voting quickly neutralized the political gains they had made. Poll taxes, literacy tests, all-white primary elections, and sheer intimidation were just a few of the many devices that kept African Americans from exercising their right to vote (Zelden 2002, 70–84; Valelly 2004). Even where they could vote, southern states reduced the votes' impact by turning elective offices into appointive ones, annexing new areas to bring in more white voters, moving to at-large elections where whites in the larger area outnumbered blacks, and making other changes. After twenty-five years and several lawsuits, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) eventually succeeded in getting courts to eliminate the all-white primary, but facially race-neutral deterrents continued to permit discriminatory application.
3 - A Milestone on the Reservation
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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The passage of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) in 1965 was the biggest legal milestone for the voting rights of U.S. citizens of color since the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment almost 100 years earlier. While they are not as numerous or as well known as those brought by African Americans, many cases have been brought by Indians alleging discrimination in the electoral process.
We have attempted to identify all voting rights cases brought by or on behalf of Indians under the VRA or the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendment since 1965 or cases brought under the VRA when Indian interests were at stake. Such data facilitate comparisons of Indians' experience with the VRA with that of other minority groups, especially African Americans. We have found many similarities but also some differences.
The exact number is difficult to determine because many cases remain unpublished, but we have identified seventy-four to date. This number includes only cases filed in court and one Department of Justice “notice letter” of authorization to sue – a case that was settled without a complaint being filed. These cases are displayed in Table 3.1 in chronological order of filing. A few striking patterns appear.
Litigation has occurred in fifteen states. The geographical concentration is greater than this number might suggest. All but four cases (two in Wisconsin, one in Maine, and one in North Carolina) have occurred in the Intermountain West (Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming) and the Great Plains states of Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota.
Frontmatter
- Daniel McCool, University of Utah, Susan M. Olson, University of Utah, Jennifer L. Robinson, University of Utah
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- Native Vote
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Revisiting Informal Justice: Restorative Justice and Democratic Professionalism
- Susan M. Olson, Albert W. Dzur
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- Law & Society Review / Volume 38 / Issue 1 / January 2004
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- 01 January 2024, pp. 139-176
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- January 2004
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Restorative justice is a form of informal justice growing rapidly among criminal justice practitioners. It decenters the focus of criminal justice from the offender breaking a law of the state to the harm caused the victim and community. Resolution is said to come from offenders taking responsibility and making amends for the harm done and from communities supporting the victim and providing offenders with opportunities and skills to reintegrate as contributing members.
Restorative justice theory largely ignores the role of professionals in the criminal justice process, and yet professionals have played a dominant part in initiating many restorative justice programs. Several theoretical traditions recognize professionals as being important intermediaries between citizens and the state. The theory of democratic professionalism argues that professionals can play crucial roles in increasing and improving democratic participation in public affairs. This article examines two functioning restorative justice programs to flesh out what democratic professionalism might look like in operation—what tasks professionals perform and what citizen involvement means to the professionals. We argue that restorative justice cannot get along without professionals and that democratic professionalism may help restorative justice to avoid some of the problems associated with other approaches to informal justice by increasing true community participation but balancing it with concern for individuals' rights.
Competing Narratives in a Judicial Retention Election: Feminism versus Judicial Independence
- Susan M. Olson, Christina Batjer
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- Law & Society Review / Volume 33 / Issue 1 / 1999
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- 02 April 2024, pp. 123-160
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- 1999
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Feminists' opposition to a state trial judge in a retention election provided an opportunity to explore important issues about legal consciousness and differences between negative and affirmative resistance. Three questions about legal consciousness and resistance are addressed: What effect does an encounter with an allegedly bad judge have on people's legal consciousness? Under what circumstances will people engage in negative or affirmative resistance against a legal encounter they perceive as unjust? What instrumental effects on institutional practices and what constitutive effects on legal consciousness can such resistance have? The article draws on narrative analysis to explore the conditions for transformation of legal consciousness and mobilization of political action in a judicial retention election.
Race Relations Litigation in an Age of Complexity. By Stephen L. Wasby. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995. 421p. $65.00 cloth, $22.50 paper.
- Susan M. Olson
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- American Political Science Review / Volume 91 / Issue 1 / March 1997
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- 01 August 2014, pp. 203-204
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- March 1997
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